TRICK OF THE 3D GAME PROGRAMMING GURUZ
ADVANCED 3D GRAPHICS AND RASTERIZATION
Andre LaMothe
Graphics Programming with Pearl
ANSI C
PRENTICE HALL SOFTWARE SERIES
BRAIN W. KERNIGHAN
DENNIS M. RITCHIE
SAME BOOK AS ABOVE BUT .pdf FORMAT
C PROGRAMMING BY OOPWeb
C++ Programming through video
5 tutorials divided in 7 parts .
C++ By FunctionX
C# (pronounced "C Sharp") is a language used to create computer applications that tell the machine what to do and when. In the various lessons on this web site, we study the C# language by creating console applications, which are text-based programs that display their results in a black or gray window. The lessons on this site use step-by-step instructions with a patient detail-oriented approach, accentuated by various useful examples in every section. To make it easy to learn effectively, the lessons are organized in topics so you can lead to the particular part you are interested in. | ||
If you are a beginner, we recommend you follow our below laid-out logical organization from the top-left side (Fundamentals) to the right and down. To follow the lessons on this web site, you should have installed either Microsoft Visual C# 2005 (Express Edition (which is free) or Professional), Borland C# Builder, sharpdevelop (which is free), or another environment or compiler that uses C#.
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| Fundamentals | Classes | Conditionals |
| Structures | Using Classes | Properties |
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| File Processing | Serialization | Built-In Classes |
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| Arrays | Collections | ADO |
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| Data Sets | ADO.NET | XML |
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| Topics | Built-In Collection Classes | Libraries |
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If you want to do a sports-related science fair project, you're in luck. We have projects related to soccer, baseball, football, tennis, hockey, and more. As the following project ideas illustrate, there are many interesting ways to apply science to sports. Who knows, by thinking scientifically about your favorite sport, your science fair project might even help you become a better athlete!
Most of the projects span multiple scientific categories. We've grouped the projects into the following categories:
- Baseball
- Basketball
- Bicycling
- Football
- Golf
- Soccer
- Sports and Human Behavior
- Tennis
- Throwing, Kicking, Hitting, and Bouncing
- Winter Sports (Skiing, Skating, and Hockey)
Do you ever feel like you need to walk faster than your parents just to keep up with them? This is because of the difference in leg length between you and your parents. How much faster do you need to walk than your parents? Can you use a walking test to determine how tall a person is?
Mike Powell of the United States currently holds the world record for the long jump at 8.95 meters, which is almost 30 feet! How did he jump so far? In this experiment, learn how a long jumper uses momentum from running to jump farther than the competition.
Are you a piano player or a video gamer? Then you might have a quick reaction time that can come in handy while playing sports. Find out how to measure your reaction time and compare it to your friends and family with this fun experiment.
The Brain-Body Connection: Can Exercise Really Make Our Brains Work Better?
"Use it or lose it!" Sure, we all know physical exercise is important to keeping our bodies fit. But how important is physical exercise to your brain? In other words, is there any connection between an active body and increased brain power? This is an easy project where you can test the effect of exercise on a critical brain function: memory.
Under Pressure: Ball Bouncing Dynamics
Many sports use a ball in some way or another. We throw them, dribble them, hit them, kick them, and they always bounce back! What makes a ball so bouncy? In this experiment you can investigate the effect of air pressure on ball bouncing.
Nothing But Net: The Science of Shooting Hoops
Swish! What a great sound when you hit the perfect shot and get nothing but net. Here's a project to get you thinking about how you can make that perfect shot more often.
Tee Time: How Does Tee Height Affect Driving Distance?
If you're an avid golfer, this might be a fun project for you. When you're setting up to tee off out on the course, how much attention do you pay to putting the tee in the ground? The height of the tee can affect both where in the swing the club makes contact and where on the clubface the ball makes contact. Are you placing your tees at the right height to get the most distance from your swing?
Golf Clubs, Loft Angle, and Distance
If your idea of a great weekend morning is taking some practice swings at a driving range, or heading out to the links to play a round, this could be a good project for you. This project is designed to answer the question, what is the relationship between club loft angle and the distance that the ball travels when struck.
Which Team Batting Statistic Predicts Run Production Best?
Here's a sports science project that shows you how to use correlation analysis to choose the best batting statistic for predicting run-scoring ability. You'll learn how to use a spreadsheet to measure correlations between two variables.
A Cure for Hooks and Slices? Asymmetric Dimple Patterns and Golf Ball Flight
Have you ever wondered why golf balls have a pattern of dimples on their surface? The dimples are important for determining how air flows around the ball when it is in flight. The dimple pattern, combined with the spin imparted to the ball when hit by the club, greatly influence the ball's flight path. For example, backspin generates lift, prolonging flight. When the ball is not hit squarely with the club, varying degrees of sidespin are imparted to the ball. A clockwise sidespin (viewed from the top) will cause the ball to veer right (or slice). A counterclockwise sidespin will cause the ball to veer left (or hook). This project attempts to answer the question, "Can an asymmetric dimple pattern decrease hooks and slices?"
Are More Expensive Golf Balls Worth It?
There is a bewildering selection of different golf balls to choose from for playing the game. Some less expensive, some more expensive, all with different claims for the advantages they will bring to your game. This project can help you determine which type of golf ball is right for you.
Objective
The goal of this project is to test whether you can increase the distance and/or accuracy of your drives by switching to a different ball.
Introduction
To be a successful golfer, you need to combine distance and accuracy to get the ball from the tee to the cup with the fewest strokes possible. Drives on the fairway need to be long and straight. As you approach the green, you need to be a good judge of distance in order to select the right club to put the ball where you want. Once on the green, you need to be able to read its contours so that you can predict the ball's path in order to sink your putt.
There is a bewildering array of available golf balls. Some are two-piece balls with an outer covering over an inner rubber ball. Others are three-piece, with two internal layers made from different materials. The thickness of the cover layer can be varied. The dimple pattern, shape, and depth can be varied, affecting the aerodynamics of the ball. And of course, some balls are also more expensive than others.
For each of these changes, various claims are made by the manufacturers. Do some background research to find out about the characteristics of different types of golf balls. Which ball do you think will give you the longest shots, or the most accurate shots? Don't take anyone's word for it, find out for yourself with an experiment!
Terms, Concepts and Questions to Start Background Research
To do this project, you should do research that enables you to understand the following terms and concepts:
- Types of golf balls:
- Two-piece
- Three-piece
More advanced students should also study:
- Momentum
- Elastic collisions
- Inelastic collisions
- Projectile motion
Questions
- How does the initial launch angle affect the distance of a drive?
- How does the initial launch speed affect the distance of a drive?
- How does the initial spin affect the distance of a drive?
Bibliography
- Here are two articles on selecting the right type of golf ball to suit your golf skills and experience:
- Dobbins, L, 2006. "Golf Ball Comparison For The Average Golfer," EzineArticles (December, 06), Dobbins, Lee. 2006 Golf Ball Comparison For The Average Golfer. EzineArticles (December, 06), [accessed April 18, 2007] http://ezinearticles.com/?Golf-Ball-Comparison-For-The-Average-Golfer&id=378779.
- Saunders, D., 2005. "Choosing the Right Golf Balls," SearchWarp.com [accessed April 18, 2007] http://searchwarp.com/swa15527.htm.
- Here are two articles on the importance of correct launch angle for achieving the maximum distance on drives:
- Stachura, M., 2003. "Why Everybody Needs to Try More Loft -- and That Means You!" Golf Digest, November, 2003 [accessed April 18, 2007] http://www.golfdigest.com/instruction/index.ssf?/instruction/gd200311loft.html.
- Zander, J., 1999. "Max Out Your Ball," Zander Golf (related article appeared in Golf Digest, February, 1999) [accessed April 18, 2007] http://www.zandergolf.com/articles/max2%20_dec98.html.
- For more information on projectile motion and momentum, see:
- Henderson, T., 2004a. "Vectors and Motion in Two Dimensions," The Physics Classroom, Glenbrook South High School, Glenview, IL [accessed April 18, 2007] http://www.glenbrook.k12.il.us/gbssci/Phys/Class/vectors/vectoc.html.
- Henderson, T., 2004b. "Momentum and Its Conservation," The Physics Classroom, Glenbrook South High School, Glenview, IL [accessed April 18, 2007] http://www.glenbrook.k12.il.us/gbssci/Phys/Class/momentum/momtoc.html.
- This webpage describes a method for visually estimating wind speed:
NWS, 2007. "Beaufort Wind Scale," National Weather Service Forecast Office, Miami-South Florida [accessed April 18, 2007] http://www.srh.noaa.gov/mfl/hazards/info/beaufort.php. - This website has descriptions and calculators for several statistical tests, including Student's t-test that you can use in this project:
Kirkman, T., date unknown. "Student's t-Tests," Department of Physics, College of St. Benedict & St. John's University [accessed April 18, 2007] http://www.physics.csbsju.edu/stats/t-test.html.
Materials and Equipment
To do this experiment you will need the following materials and equipment:
- Golf club (driver)
- At least 3 different types of golf ball to test
- Golf tees
- A large open space for hitting the ball
- A means for measuring the distance of your drives:
- For example, you could place meter (or yard) markers at regular intervals (e.g., 25 or 50 meters, measured with a long measuring tape, or a long pre-measured rope, or a pedometer) and use the markers for measuring shot distances.
Experimental Procedure
- Do your background research so that you are knowledgeable about the terms, concepts, and questions above.
- Select at least three different types of golf ball to test. Use a dozen of each type for your experiment.
- Set up at one end of the open area, in the center of its width.
- Use the same club for each shot, and do your best to use a consistent swing for all of the shots.
- Alternate between the three different ball types.
- For each shot, measure the distance in meters (or yards), and the accuracy (deviation, in degrees from a straight away shot).
- Because your swing is not likely to be the same each time, you will need to do a large number of trials for each type of ball and each type of swing (at least 20, more is better).
- You can pre-measure the area where you are taking your shots, and place markers at regular intervals. Use these to judge the distance of each shot.
- You can alternate which end of the open area you hit from to save walking.
- Since the wind can have an effect on the flight of the ball, you should note the wind speed and direction in your lab notebook (see NWS, 2007).
- Calculate the average flight distance for each type of ball, and the average amount of deviation from a straight line shot (i.e., hook or slice) for each type of ball.
- Calculate the standard deviation for the flight distance and the amount of hook or slice for each type of ball.
- Illustrate your results by making graphs that show the distribution of the two types of balls with each type of swing.
- More advanced students should also do a t–test (Kirkman, date unknown) to see if any differences in the flight characteristics of the two types of balls are statistically significant.
Variations
- Ball launch monitor club fitting session. Three important variables that determine the flight of the ball are: the initial launch angle, the initial speed of the ball, and the spin of the ball. These parameters are all determined in the fraction of a millisecond that the club is in contact with the ball. How well and how fast you swing the club, and the angle of the club face are critical factors for these parameters. Many golf pro shops have "Ball Launch Monitor" technology (usually based on high-speed photography), that you can pay to use to analyze your swing. With this technology, you can get high-quality data on all three of the critical variables: launch angle, speed, and spin. Maybe you can think of ways to enhance your experiment using "Ball Launch Monitor" technology to measure your swing with different golf balls to select the one that is right for you.
- For a more basic golf-related experiment focusing on club selection and distance, see the Science Buddies project Golf Clubs, Loft Angle and Distance.
- For a project on the importance of tee height for drive distance, see the Science Buddies project Tee Time: How Does Tee Height Affect Driving Distance?
- For another golf-related experiment that focuses more on the aerodynamics of the golf ball, see the Science Buddies project A Cure for Hooks and Slices? Asymmetric Dimple Patterns and Golf Ball Flight.
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