Engineering as a Career Option

Personal Attributes required for a Engineer

Engineering being the practical application of science, aspiring students need a solid foundation in mathematics, physics and chemistry. Good logical and mental ability, problem solving skills and an ability to grasp concepts quickly are essential. An ability to express oneself using figures and words, perseverance and judgement are some of the other skills required. During the duration of the engineering course students are required to put in long hours of study, work with tools and work in teams.

Eligibility

To be eligible for a diploma in engineering, one must clear the 10th Std. board exam successfully. Admission is based on marks scored in Std. X board exam. To be eligible for bachelor's degree course, one must clear the 12th std. board exam successfully in the science stream with Physics, Chemistry and Maths as compulsory subjects. Several states and IITs have an entrance exam for admission into engineering, colleges in other states grant admission based on marks scored in 12th Std. exam, particularly in the subjects of Physics, Chemistry and Maths. Diploma holders can also get direct admission into second year of engineering in the same stream in which they have completed their diploma. For a master's level course, one must complete the bachelor's degree program successfully. Further Studies After graduating students can go in for postgraduate studies in India or abroad that will culminate in a master’s degree. Further studies up to Ph.D. level is also an option.

Career Prospects After graduating in engineering

Candidates can either join the private sector, public sector or the government. In the government engineers can appear for the "Indian Engineering Services" exam conducted by the UPSC at the national level or join various departments at the state level through their respective exams. The armed forces also induct a number of engineering graduates every year. Other departments such as the civil aviation department also recruit engineers. Engineers can also join the Merchant Navy. Detailed career prospects are mentioned in respective articles on various branches of engineering. Future Scenario The reform process has seen India integrating with the global economy. Globalisation and liberalisation have seen the entry of multinational companies into India in all sectors . Due to the huge potential for infrastructure development there is a good demand for engineers. Telecommunication, electronics, computers and chemical engineers are likely to be in good demand. Mechanical and civil engineers can also look forward to ample job opportunities.

Listed Below are the engineering fields.

• Aeronautical Engineering as a Career Option
• Agricultural Engineering as a Career Option
• Automobile Engineering as a Career Option
• Instrumentation Engineering as a Career Option
• Civil Engineering as a Career Option
• Computer Engineering as a Career Option
• Electrical Engineering as a Career Option
• Electronics & Communication Engineers as a Career Option
• Highway Engineering as a Career Option
• Marine Engineering as a Career Option
• Mechanical Engineering as a Career Option
• Mining Engineering as a Career Option
• Production & Industrial Engineering as a Career Option
• Telecommunication Engineering as a Career Optio

Telecommunication Engineering as a Career Option

Telecommunication Engineers are concerned with establishing communication by means of telephones, telegraphs, radar, radio, radio navigational aids, TV, and teleprinters. Important towns, cities, trade centers, harbors and ports are connected with underground cables or radio links. Countries and continents are brought closer by means of fast-emanating, information-carrying communication networks. All this has been made possible by the telecommunication engineer.

Telecommunication engineers deal with line and wireless communication, or radio communication. Line communication is handled by telephone/telegraph engineers. The work comprises the installation, supervision, and maintenance of telephone exchanges and telephone lines.

The radio communication engineer's work is concerned with the designing, installation, maintenance and periodical testing of broadcasting and telecasting systems and studios, and transmitting and receiving stations.

Necessary Qualifications

A degree (BE/B.Tech.) in telecommunication engineering, or BE in electrical engineering with communications as a subject.

Academic Programme

Besides a thorough grounding in basic sciences and engineering subjects, communication and control systems, computers, microelectronics, radar and television engineering, and microwave communication are taught in this course.

Job Opportunities

Telecommunication engineers with the Ministry of Communication, AIR, DD, and information and broadcasting sectors, railways, police, BSF, CRPF and defense related organizations, are also employed by private companies manufacturing radio equipment and electronics.

Production & Industrial Engineering as a Career Option

Production & Industrial Engineers aim at higher productivity by adopting integrated design, and efficient planning and operative systems. The work involves the design and installation of integrated systems for men and materials, equipment and processes for increasing the productivity of goods, and detailing the optimum quality, which is economically viable. These engineers are concerned with planning, measuring and controlling all activities within the organization, besides designing the production process for a product.

Necessary Qualifications

To become a production and industrial engineer one needs to have done at least BE (Production and Industrial Engineering) of four years duration. Short duration courses in industrial engineering and production engineering are offered by the National Productivity Council, New Delhi.

Academic Programme

A strong base in computer applications is an important element of the course, which facilitates component production, process planning, production planning, etc. Furthermore, systems engineering, industrial automation, process engineering, and management subjects are taught.

Job Opportunities

Because of the broad-based nature of the course, production and industrial engineers can work with all types of engineering and manufacturing industries in the private and public sectors.

Mining Engineering as a Career Option

Mining Engineers are responsible for locating natural reserves of minerals, petroleum and other useful natural substances, and then to lay out plans, devices shafts, inclines or quarries for the safe extraction of these resources, whether they be coal, petroleum, metallic or non-metallic minerals, from under the earth. The safety measures needed to be taken have to be carefully chalked out, keeping in mind the workers health, welfare and safety.

Necessary Qualifications

A degree in mining engineering and a certificate from the Director General of Mines and Safety, Dhanbad, is a must.

Job Opportunities

Most jobs for mining engineers are with the government and public sector organizations such as the Indian Bureau of Mines, Geological Survey of India, and mining companies such as CIL (Coal India Ltd.), IPCL, HCL, Neyvelli Lignite Corporation, etc.

Mining engineers can also find work with some private sector mining companies, or in teaching and research.

Mechanical Engineering as a Career Option

Mechanical Engineers are concerned with all types of machinery, and all aspects of their mechanism and functioning; the design, development, construction, production, installation and operation of all mechanical systems in industries, including power plants, transport equipment, air-conditioning, boilers, refrigerators, and internal combustion.

The mechanical engineer is also. responsible for maintenance and repair. Care has to be taken that the plant gives maximum output and the machine is properly maintained. Those engaged in research, work towards developing new processes and applications for manufacturing purposes or experiment on use of new materials.

Necessary Qualifications

A mechanical engineer should have a graduate or postgraduate degree in mechanical
engineering, i.e. a BE or ME.

Academic Programme

In addition to basic and engineering sciences, the programme in mechanical engineering lays emphasis on the analysis and synthesis involved in the design, manufacture and operation of prime movers, pumps, compressors, machine tools, mass production techniques, etc. The postgraduate course generally offers specialized training in thermal engineering, design, and production engineering.

Job Opportunities

A mechanical engineer can get absorbed in private or public sector industries of various types. Several government departments including Posts and Telegraphs, Defense, PWD, and CPWD employ mechanical engineers. Aeronautical, agricultural, automobile, chemical, and power plants, as well as the railways, need mechanical engineers to design and maintain their machinery.

Marine Engineering as a Career Option

4-year degree course module recognizes the wisdom in what was stated by the great philosopher hundreds of years ago! While preparing the students for Marine Industry through extensively covered theoretical classes, practical engineering education at the in-campus workshop, out-of-campus Shipyard & Shipboard training, the curriculum ensures sufficient exposure to Electronic, Computer & Information technologies. There are total 8 semesters.
The course details are as follows:-
The subjects include
- English
- Applied Mathematics
- Physics and Electronics
- Computer Science
- Marine Management.

Topics such as Ship Operation Technology and other applied subjects (Maritime Commerce, Marine Engineering, Environmental Science, Control Systems etc.) are also focused upon. The training programmes help the candidates to inculcate qualities necessary for the profession, both mental and physical. Practicals that are conducted are in the following subjects - Astronomy, Chart Work, Practical Navigation, Magnetic and Gyro Compasses, Electronic Navigational Aids (Radar, Decca, and Satellite Navigator etc.).

Prizes are given to cadets for Academic Excellence & General Proficiency. Apart from these, there are a number of prizes for Extra Curricular Activities & Sports.


Minimum Requirement for Marine Engineering.
Eligibility
Unmarried (male/female) Indian Citizens. Limited foreign nationals may be admitted with approval of Ministry of Shipping, Govt. of India.

Age
Maximum: 20 years old on 1st October in the year of admission.
SC/ST: relaxable by 5 years

Academic Qualification
As per requirement of IIT-JEE. (Indian Institute of Technology - Joint Entrance Examination)
For more information on this Joint Entrance Examination, you may visit any of the Indian Institute of Technology web sites - Kharagpur, Kanpur, Mumbai or Delhi,

Future Prospects
Shipping Industry Growth
Recent Studies world over, predict a steady growth of International Trade. What this means is, "Shipping" as a mode of international and intercontinental transport system can never go out of fashion - it being the easiest & still the cheapest mode!

Agreeably, advancement in Engineering techniques & technology has had an effect on growth in terms of increase in the number of ships plying the seven seas as compared to the increase in cargo volume movement. However, with advancement in Technology, the demand for Qualified Marine Engineers has increased exponentially. Consequently, students passing out of all the institutes have continued to remain as one of the most sought after with the Ship Owners, globally.

CAREER GROWTH & HIGHER STUDIES
The curriculum is geared to ensure that every student receives sufficient guidance that will help him/her to appear for the MEO-Examinations, under Ministry of Shipping, (MOS) during the Service life. Additionally, we encourage you to visit the relevant page of the D.G.Shipping Website to learn more about the rules pertaining to MANNING OF SHIPS - Certificates of Competency and EXAMINATIONS for Certificates of Competency

Many of Marine Engineers prefer pursuing higher studies than joining the Merchant Navy immediately on graduation. The popular choices remain -

" Business Management Institutions for MBA.
" Universities Overseas for M.S./PhD in Marine Transportation, Marine Engineering & Naval Architecture, Ocean Engineering and even Master's Degree in Marine Law.
" Computer Science & Information Technology Institutions for MCA

BEYOND THE MARINE ENGINEERING
Apart from remaining within the Shipping or Related Industry (National & International Shipping Companies, Marine Workshops, Surveying Concerns, Navy, Diesel Engine Manufacturers etc) on shore based jobs, the marine Engineers today are occupying important & key positions in varied & diversified industries - from IT Sector, to Consultancy Organizations such as PriceWaterhouse Coopers & DCL, to Brick & Morter Companies - Power, Steel, Electronics/White Goods, to Service Sector organizations like Hotel Industry etc. A few have also joined the Indian Government Services.

A vast many with entrepreneurship skills, are very successfully running their own business establishments too. Needless to say, the Savings Potential while at the Merchant Navy, has assisted in setting up their own business establishments.

While many Marine Engineers have dedicated their post-Merchant Navy services to Academic Institutions related to Marine Engineering, a number of them also hold enviable & highly respected positions in Technical Schools & Colleges overseas.

Highway Engineering as a Career Option

Highway Engineers Plan, design, survey and construct all types of roads, bridges, and other structures, which connect cities and towns in the country. This requires detailed drawings with complete designs for drainage systems, pavement foundations, etc. The highway engineer also supervises work at the construction site, the quality of roads made, and, finally, ensures their proper maintenance.

Necessary Qualifications

One must be a civil engineer (BE), with a specialization in highway and traffic engineering for two years at the postgraduate level.

Job Opportunities

Private construction companies handling large projects such as housing complexes and townships employ highway engineers. There are also jobs in government departments, in the defense services, at ports and harbors, and with the border road organizations

Highway Engineering as a Career Option

Highway Engineers Plan, design, survey and construct all types of roads, bridges, and other structures, which connect cities and towns in the country. This requires detailed drawings with complete designs for drainage systems, pavement foundations, etc. The highway engineer also supervises work at the construction site, the quality of roads made, and, finally, ensures their proper maintenance.

Necessary Qualifications

One must be a civil engineer (BE), with a specialization in highway and traffic engineering for two years at the postgraduate level.

Job Opportunities

Private construction companies handling large projects such as housing complexes and townships employ highway engineers. There are also jobs in government departments, in the defense services, at ports and harbors, and with the border road organizations

Electronics & Communication Engineers as a Career Option

Design, fabricate, maintain, supervise, and manufacture electronic equipment used in the entertainment media, in hospitals, in the computer industry, for communication and in defense. Electronics engineers work with devices that use extremely small amounts of power. They work with microprocessors, fibre optics, and in telecommunication, television, and radio.

Necessary Qualifications

To become electronics engineer one needs to hold a degree in electronics engineering or must have passed the AMIE (Associate Membership Examination of the Institute of Engineers) in electronics and telecommunication.

Academic Programme

The focus in the study programme is on understanding electronic networks and devices, electromagnetic field theory, computer fundamentals, as also their protection, and communication
and control systems.

Job Opportunities

An electronics engineer can be employed in the public and private sector industries and organizations such as the Indian Telephone Industries, MTNL, National Physical Laboratories, AIR, Civil aviation, and the police wireless departments.

Electronics engineers are also absorbed into the entertainment transmission industry, research establishments, and defense. They can also take up teaching and research in one of the many engineering colleges in India or abroad.

Electrical Engineering as a Career Option

Electrical Engineers have, today, become the indispensable to society because of the increasing demand for electrical energy, the development in audio and video communication systems, and the automation in industry. The role of an electrical engineer comprises the design and development of more efficient electrical machinery, power systems, and control equipment for the generation, transmission and distribution of electrical energy and telecommunication

Necessary Qualifications

To become an electrical engineer, it is necessary to be a graduate (BE) or a diploma holder in electrical engineering.

Academic Programme

Here the stress is on a deep understanding of electrical and electronic networks and devices, electromagnetic field theory, electrical energy converters, electrical energy distribution systems etc. At the ME or postgraduate level, specialization in control and instrumentation, electronics and communication, power apparatus and systems, etc. is done.

Job Opportunities

Electrical engineers find jobs in power plants, whether atomic, hydel or thermal power plants. They get jobs in public and private sector industries such as railways, civil aviation, and all types of manufacturing plants. They can also get into teaching in India or abroad or continue with research in laboratories.

Computer Engineering as a Career Option

Computer Engineers Work with one of the most important office automation products-computers-in an expanding technological field. Computer engineers design the computer and its control systems (the hardware) and also develop computer software (the computer programmes). They are constantly engaged in improving the end product and building state-of the-art equipment-super computers, multimedia machines, graphic terminals, laser and inkjet printers, pentium based machines, etc.

Necessary Qualification

B.Tech. in computer science.

Academic Programme

The development of systems software and software for scientific and industrial applications is an important component of the course, as also training in hardware development.

Job Opportunities

With the widespread use of computers, computer engineers can find employment in almost any area of the industrial sector and in defense and research establishments. They can work with national and multinational manufacturers of computers.
In management consultancy organizations, they develop computer programs for industries. Computer engineers also find work in data processing departments of modern industries and in areas where computers and computer-aided systems are used, such as aeronautics and space science, the petroleum industry, chemical plants, and power plants.

Civil Engineering as a Career Option

Handle all construction work. They are concerned with the planning, research, survey and construction of all kinds of buildings as also roads, traffic and transportation systems, irrigation and power plants; water supply and sewage disposal plants, ports and harbors, oil rigs, etc. A civil engineer is responsible for planning and designing a project and then having it constructed to the required scale. Civil engineering also aims at improving human lifestyles by judicially utilizing the natural resources available.

Necessary Qualifications

To become a civil engineer one needs to be a BE/B.Tech. or a ME/M.Tech. (civil engineering). Overseers should have a diploma in civil engineering from a polytechnic or should have passed the AMIE (Associate Member of the Institute of Engineering) examination.

Academic Programme / Curriculum

The civil engineering course includes all the basic engineering sciences. It is designed to introduce the students to a wide range of problems encountered by civil engineers-structures, foundation, construction, hydraulics and environmental engineering, works management and cost, transportation engineering, irrigation engineering, etc.

The postgraduate curriculum prepares the students for research and design oriented programmes, with emphasis on practical problems in structural engineering, hydraulics and flood control, environmental engineering, etc.

A few institutes of higher learning also offer full-time Ph.D. programmes in structural engineering, water resource engineering, environmental engineering, stress analysis and engineering geology.

Job Opportunities

Civil engineers are employed in all the major construction projects carried out by the government, particularly those involving the public works departments (PWD), airports, harbors, ports, water and sewage boards, the railways, private construction companies, military, engineering services, consultancy services etc. Civil engineering graduates can also go in for research and take up teaching, or they can open their own consultancy services.

Instrumentation Engineering as a Career Option

Instrumentation Engineers are responsible for the design, construction and maintenance of instruments and entire instrumentation systems considered being the eyes and ears of any industrial undertaking. The type of instruments needed for ensuring better quality and efficiency of the end product are decided by an instrumentation engineer.

Necessary Qualifications

BE or B.Tech. in instrumentation engineering.

Job Opportunities

Generally, such engineers find jobs in R&D units of public and private sector companies. Heavy industries such as thermal power stations, steel plants, refineries, cement and fertilizer plants, need instrumentation engineers.

Automobile Engineering as a Career Option

Concerned with the design, planning and manufacture as well as the repair, maintenance and up gradation of all moving vehicles such as cars, trucks, motorcycles, scooters, etc. The automobile engineer looks into the upkeep of vehicles to ensure their proper, efficient and economical running.

The work includes, at times, the dismantling and overhauling of the vehicle. The engineer designs new models, keeping in view their performance, capacity, durability and appearance as well as the cost of both manufacture and maintenance. With increasing concern for pollution and fuel efficiency, these engineers also set standards of quality in such matters.

Necessary Qualifications

To become an automobile engineer, one must have a BE or B.Tech. in automobile engineering. Even degree holders in electrical or mechanical branch can go in for specialization in automobile engineering at the postgraduate level. Diploma holders can take the AMIE exam to be at par with degree holders.

Job Opportunities

These are with vehicle manufacturing and assembling plants in both private and public sectors, in maintenance and service stations, private transport companies and defense. Auto engineers are employed by state transport undertakings and insurance companies. Self-employment is also possible in setting up automobile garages or maintenance workshops.

Agricultural Engineering as a Career Option

Applies engineering principles to all activities related to agriculture and horticulture. Improvement in agricultural farm machinery, farm structures, rural electrification, biogas, new technologies in the design and manufacture of agricultural products and also conservation of soil and water, are some of the jobs handled by an agricultural engineer.

This basically implies looking after the mechanization of agricultural activities for the smooth functioning and efficient increase in food productivity.

Necessary Qualifications

BE in agricultural engineering is a must.

Academic Programme

The Bachelor's degree course covers basic physical, engineering and agricultural sciences. Soil conservation, drainage methods, irrigation practices, farm machinery, dairy engineering, are some of the areas dealt with.

At the postgraduate level, specialization in crop process engineering, farm machinery and power, soil and water conservation, etc. are taken up. At IIT, Kharagpur, and at IARI (Indian Agricultural Research Institute) New Delhi, a Ph.D. degree of three years duration is also offered.

Job Opportunities

Agricultural engineers may be involved in the sales, marketing and servicing of farm equipment and agricultural implements, in designing and constructing farm buildings, in product planning, mechanizing procedures and crop storage and processing. They could also work for tubewell borings, irrigation and drainage projects, canal irrigation programmes, land reclamation and soil conservation projects.

Jobs in mechanized farms, for rural electrification, and in agro-industrial corporations are also increasing. Agricultural engineers also work as assistant engineers, designers, management trainees, and technical officers in banks. Besides teaching and technical journalism, large numbers of these engineers are absorbed in Central and state governments departments of agriculture.

Aeronautical Engineering as a Career Option

Work with one of the most technologically advanced branches of engineering. The aeronautical engineers are concerned with the design and construction, testing and operation as well as maintenance of aircraft and aircraft components.

The main thrust in this area is on design and development, which extends even to space and satellite research. It is an exciting field with scope for growth and job satisfaction. An aeronautical engineer needs to be physically fit and fully dedicated to his work.

Necessary Qualifications

Eligibility: 10 + 2 Science; high percentage of marks in Science subjects and qualifying exam (JEE)
To be an aeronautical engineer one should be a BE/B.Tech. in aeronautics. The Madras Institute of Technology offers a year postgraduate programme in aeronautical engineering for B.Sc. students. One can also study for M.Tech. and Ph.D. in aeronautics from the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore.

Those who have passed the Associate membership exam conducted by ASI (Aeronautical Society of India), which is at par with a bachelor's degree in aeronautical engineering, can also become aeronautical engineers. It is possible to take a degree in electronics or physics to work in this field and leave more options open

Academic Programme

The Bachelor's degree programme stresses the fundamentals of propulsion, electronics, and automatic control guidance, theory of aerodynamics, structural analysis, material science, and fluid dynamics.

Job Opportunities

Work for an aeronautical engineer can be with airlines, particularly the government carriers, Air India, Indian Airlines, Pawan Hans, and aircraft manufacturers, Hindustan Aeronautical Ltd. and other organizations concerned with the aircraft industry.

There is limited scope in this branch of engineering, therefore, a large number take on work in R&D areas in the Ministry of Defense and Ministry of Civil Aviation, in defense research laboratories, or civil aviation departments.


INSTITUTES CONDUCTING THE COURSE

* Indian Institute of Technology, Powai, Mumbai 400076 (Maharashtra)
* IIT, Kharagpur 721302 (WB)
* Indian Institute of Technology, Chennai 600036 (Tamil Nadu)
* Madras Institute of Technology, Chennai 600044 (Tamil Nadu)
* Hindustan Inst of Engineering Technology, 40 GST Road, P.O.Box No.1306, St. Thomas Mount, Chennai 600016 (Tamil Nadu)
* Nehru College of Aeronautical and Applied Sciences, Coimbatore (Tamil Nadu)
* School of Aviation Science and Technology, Delhi Flying Club, Safdarjung Airport, New Delhi
* Punjab Engineering College, Chandigarh 160011
* IIT, Kanpur 208016
* Indian Institute of Aeronautics, Patna Airport, Patna 800014 (Bihar)
* Institute of Aviation Technology, 1265, Sector 6, Bahadurgarh, Haryana 124507
* VSM Aerospace, Chelekere Village (Near Kammanahalli), Bangalore 560008 (Karnataka)
* Hindustan Electronics Academy, 61, Cambridge Road, P.B.No.806, Ulsoor, Bangalore 560008 (Karnataka)
* Indian Institute of Aeronautical Engineering, 179, Kalidas Road, Dehradun 248001 (Uttaranchal)

Para Medical Sevices as a Career Option

Introduction:
Paramedical staff includes physiotherapists, occupational therapists, prosthetic and orthotic technicians, medical technologists, radiographers and radiotherapists.

Nature of work:
Physiotherapists: their job is to restore mobility, alleviate pain and suffering, and to prevent permanent disability in patients. They treat fracture of bones, sprains, neurological disorders
Caused by trauma, infection and paralysis.they work with burn patients,cardiac patients and cancer patients. Physiotherapists can specialize in one of the following specialisations
cardiopulmonary
clinical electrophysiology
neurological physical therapy
pediatric physiotherapy
geriatric physiotherapy
sports physiotherapy

Occupational therapists:
They treat patients with physical and spastic disabilities. They assist the patients with artificial limbs, patients with neurological disorders, premature infants, disabled patients etc.

Prosthetic and orthotic engineering:
They deal with physically disabled,crippled,and orthopaedically handicapped persons.
Orthotists work with patients with limb or spine related disabilities and design and create corrective devices. They work on physicians directions regarding treatment.

Medical technologists:
These are involved in laboratory tests required for detection,
Diagnosis and treatment of disease their work is to carry out different kinds of tests and their analysis to operate ecg's and recording them.

Radiographers and radiotherapists:
Radiographers conducts x-rays ,CT scans,MR scans which are then seen by radiologists for diagnostic purposes. They operate equipments which are intended to study images of body tissues, bones and organs for diagnosis and therapy.
Radio therapists give s radiation to cancer patients.

Personal attributes:
Patience and perseverance, ability to deal with people, ability to maintain records, understanding and caring attitude, ability to plan and coordinate and scientific bent of mind are required.

Courses offered:
Physiotherapy ,medical technology, occupational therapy are offered as a degree as well as
Diploma courses after 10+2. Degree course is of 4½years duration while diploma course is of 2 years.
medical technology, radiography is offered as a 3 years bachelors course.

Eligibility
Students who have done 10+2 with science are eligible to pursue a course in paramedical sciences.selection is through entrance test.


Institutes/Colleges
Colleges offering courses in physiotherapy(b.p.t), occupational therapists(b.o.t)

Universities/colleges	Course offered
Utkal universities, Bhuveneshwar	Bot, bpt
University of delhi	B.sc.(h) phy, Ocu.therapy
Kurukshetra university	Bpt
Pgimer, chandigarh	Bpt
Barkatullah vishwavidyalaya	B.sc.(physco)
School of physco and Occupational therapy sms medical college, jaipur	Bpt
Mother terassa institute of paramedical science	Bpt
School of physcotherapy, Ahemdabad	Bpt
Ms university of baroda, vadudra	Bpt
Lokmanya tilak medical college school of physcotherapy Mumbai	Bpt B.sc.(ot&pt)
National institute for orthopedically hadicapped, kolkatta	Bot
Occupational therapy training school, mumbai	Bpt,bot
Cmc, vallore	Bpt,bot
Annamalai university	Bpt
J j college of physcotherapy	Bpt
Kasturba medical college,manipal	Bpt
Banglore medical college	B.sc.(physco), b.sc(mlt)
Institute for the physically handicaped, university of delhi	B.sc.(h) phy.therapy B.sc.(h) ocu.therapy

Nursing as a Career Option

INTRODUCTION

The largest group of workers in the health sector are those in the nursing occupations ; nurses and nursing assistants. Their training and education imparts knowledge and skill to work in hospitals, nursing homes, sanatoriums, schools, industry and private medical clinics. In hospitals and other inpatient institutions such as nursing homes staff nurses are required to work with patients under a particular category e.g. surgical cases, ophthalmic patients or pediatric cases. With the advancement in medical science, nursing education and care has been constantly improving.

NATURE OF WORK

Hospital nurse constitute by far the largest group of nurses. The job of a nurse is to give bedside care to convalescing patients. They have to record temperature, pulse rate, administer medication orally and hypodermically (injections), change dressings, assist patient in personal care, prepare patient for surgery and all other duties which incorporate both skill and understanding of patients needs. In short they work with doctors for speedy recovery of patients.

Apart from that a school nurse supervises student's clinic, attends to injuries and any sudden illness amongst children. Industrial nurses render preventive, remedial and educational nursing service under the directions of the Industrial Physician. Psychiatric nursing, pediatric nursing, operation theatre nursing, cardiac care nursing require additional training and work experience in these specialized fields. These trained nurses work in hospitals which render these specialist medical services. In the working hierarchy senior nurses are designated as Matron or Nursing Superintendent and they are responsible for supervision of the work of nurses and related administrative duties.

STUDY / TRAINING

For B.Sc Nursing, training period is of 3 years after class XII. Auxlliary nursing diploma, midwifery diploma/certificate course and health visitors courses are of 2 and 1 year after 10+2. However, post certificate auxillary nursing and midwifery certificate holders can do B.Sc nursing condensed course of 2 yrs and become graduate nurses. They can further specialize for working in the operation theatre, cardiac care units, neurological surgery centres, nephrology unit management etc. They can also join nursing training schools and colleges after doing M.Sc Nursing. There are several colleges and hospitals which offer B.Sc, nursing degree and general nursing management (G.N.M.) certificates.

Homeopathy as a Career Option

INTRODUCTION
Homeopathy differs considerably from the allopathic form of medicine in diagnostic and treatment procedures. It is based on the principle of like are cured by likes. Homeopathy goes into the details of patient's history and then starts their treatment; the procedure is slow but removes the disease from its roots.

PERSONAL ATTRIBUTES
A calm, cool, and composed personality is required.

COURSES OFFERED
Homeopathy can be pursued after 10+2 as a regular 4 year course Diploma in Homeopathy Medicine and Surgery. (DHMS) and five and half year degree course BHMS including internship. Admission is based on the entrance test conducted at state level, though some universities also offer admission on the basis of marks obtained at +2 level.

JOB OPPORTUNITIES
Doctors trained in Homeopathy can find job in Homeopathic Hospitals, Govt. Dispensaries, and Voluntary organizations.

ELIGIBILITY
Students who have passed 10+2 with Science Biology

INSTITUTES

• R.B.T.S. Govt. Homeopathic medical college, Muzaffarpur
• Calcutta Homeopathic Medical college and Hospital, Calcutta
• National Institute of Homeopathy, Calcutta
• Dr. Abhin Chandra Govt. Medical College, Bhuveneshwar
• Homeopathic Medical College and Hospital, Chandigarh
• Nehru Homeopathic Medical College, New Delhi
• Hahnemann Homeopathic Medical College, Bhopal
• LBS Homeopathic Medical College, Bhopal
• State National Homeopathic Medical College and Hospital, Lucknow
• State Kanpur Homeopathic Medical College and Hospital, Kanpur
• Ahemdabad Homeopathic Medical College, Ahemdabad
• Dr. Madan Pratap Khuteta Rajasthan Homeopathic Medical College, Jaipur
• Yuvraj Pratap Singh Memorial Medical College, Alwar
• Bharthiya Homeopathic Medical College and Hospital, Bharatpur
  

DENTISTRY as a Career Option

INTRODUCTION DENTISTRY

Dentistry is basically concerned with all health problems related to the mouth, teeth and gums. It includes dental care and correction. Surgical, medical and other forms of treatment are as much part of dentistry as they are with other medical branches. To an extent, dentistry includes cosmetology too, where corrective treatment is involved. For apart from the routine extraction of teeth, filling, fitting dentures, surgery of mouth , replacement of extracted teeth through surgery and cleaning a patient’s mouth and teeth, the job also includes aligning and straightening teeth. Problems dealing with the jaw or any invasive oral procedure are usually undertaken by an oral surgeon. A significant part of a dentist's job involves educating patients about ways to preserve a healthy mouth, and the best dentists are skillful communicators.

ELIGIBILITY

And now a look at the educational criteria one needs to satisfy to qualify for entrance to a basic degree course in dental science (Bachelor of Dental Science). One needs to have completed the twelfth standard examination with physics, chemistry, and biology. Admission to the graduate course is through a general, national level competitive examination. Allocation of institutions is generally based on merit. One also needs to remember that the academic study is for a period of four years and is followed by one year of rotating internship. Subjects such as basic anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, pharmacology and microbiology are covered in the first two years. Specialisation and hands on training are provided in the last two semesters. Specialisation includes Orthodontics, Periodontics, Oral pathology, Oral surgery, Operative dentistry and Prosthodontics. The postgraduate course in dentistry (Master of Dental Science) is of two years’ duration and offers several specialities too.

PERSONAL ATTRIBUTES REQUIRED BY A DENTIST

As with all medical professions, personal characteristics required for this branch of study too begin with a basic compassion for people, the ability to keep oneself updated on development and skills all the time and to integrate the knowledge gleaned, an excellent memory, immense patience, an ability to empathise with the patients, a healthy mind and body, the drive and stamina - both physical and mental-, to put in long hours of study and work (remember a dentist may have to remaining standing for hours together), a scientific temper, craftsmanship and dexterity. Personal Attributes Required As with most medical professions, a keen eye for detail, comprehensive medical understanding, manual dexterity, and strong interpersonal skills are important. Besides these the Dentist must also possess empathy and patience.

JOB PROSPECTS OF DENTISTRY

A4. One generally begins one’s career as an assistant to an established practitioner. While one learns the tricks of running a private practice, this beginner’s job often involves a lot of administrative work too. Later he or she rises to become a partner in the practice. Or, with enough experience, one could set up private practice, which is a very lucrative option. However, the initial investment in terms of equipment and space could be pretty stiff; besides, it takes time to attract patients. There are excellent opportunities in hospitals and dental institutions too. Teaching and research are other options. Remuneration The returns for a beginner with a graduate degree could begin around Rs. 6,000 (all included) at government hospitals and less under private practitioners, while postgraduates may begin at Rs. 7,000 upwards.

Ayurvedic and Unani as a Medicine Career Option

INTRODUCTION
Ayurvedic medicine finds its origin in Vedic times and is based on medical and curing properties of herbs. Diagnostic procedures are simple and use non invasive procedures. Patients are examined by simple processes as introgration, Blood Press. Measurement etc. and general medicines are prescribed for improvement of health and prevention of disease.

JOB OPPORTUNITIES
Doctors trained in Ayurvedic pattern of medicine can find job with Ayurvedic hospitals and medical colleges. Research Institutes and pharma industries.

COURSES OFFERED
Ayurvedic can be studied after 10+2 .The degree is of 5 year duration including internship.Specialisation are offered after completion basic degree BAMS and course is of 3 year duration.

SPECIALISATION OFFERED
Dravyaguna - Pharmacognosy and Pharmacology
Kayachikitsa- Internal Medicine
Ayurvedic siddhant & Darshan
Mano Roga and Mano vygyan -Psychiatary&Psychology
Shalya- Surgery
Vikriturgyana and Roga Nidan - Diagnostic method and Pathology
Rasshastra and Bhaishaya Kalpana-Pharmacy and Pharmaceutics
Prasuti Tantra and shtri roga- Obstetics and Gynaecology
Shalakya - Opthalomology

ELIGIBILITY
Any student who has passed 12th with Science Biology from any recognized Board are eligible to pursue a course in Ayurvedic Medicine.

INSTITUTES
BAMS is offered in about 150 medical colleges all over India. Selection is through entrance test at state level.

• J.B.Roy state Ayurved Medical College, Calcutta
• Govt. Ayurved College, Sambalpur, Orissa
• Utkal University,Bhuveneshwar, Orissa
• Lucknow University, Lucknow UP
• State Ayurvedic college .
• Punjab University.
• Shri Dhanwantry Ayurvedic College , Chandigarh.
• Ayurvedic &union Tihhi college, New Delhi.
• Dur shalya vishvidyalaya, Indore.
• Dr. Harisingh Govt. vishvidyalaya.
• Rajasthan University.
• MMM Govt. Ayurvedic College, Udaipur.
• Shri Parshuram purya Rajasthan Ayurvedic College